Internet Browsing and Searching: Searching or browsing in Internet environment is nothing but retrieving of relevant results from the Internet.
a) Browsing: In Internet environment, browsing refers to opening a
website through the web browser that contains hyperlink and with the help of
these hyperlinks, jumping to a new web document in the same or a new window. It
is also known as navigating or surfing the web.
i) Working with Address box of
the Browser: In the online mode one can use web browser for arriving at
a particular address. In the “Address” box of the browser, typing the web
site’s address (URL) and pressing the “Enter” button of the keyboard or by
pressing “Go” button, the browser will open a particular website. When the web
site opens, its home page is displayed. The keying appropriate URL in the
address box of the browser is obligatory. The website or home page will contain
links to other website or hyperlinks. By clicking on the highlighted words or
links one can access other files of the same website or entirely a different
website.
ii) Working with Mouse:
While we are on a webpage, we can use the vertical or horizontal scroll bars to
move around or through a document.
iii) Working with Keyboard Keys:
We can use “Up” (↑) and “Down” (↓) arrow keys to move up or down one line.
Pressing the “Page Up” (PgUp) key moves up one window length, and pressing
“Page Down” (PgDn) moves down one window length. Pressing “Ctrl+Home” takes us
to the beginning of the document and pressing “Ctrl+End” take us to the end of
the document.
iv) Working with Hyperlink in the
Document: A webpage contains many hyperlinks in the form of text as
well as images. When you move your mouse cursor over the hyperlink it will take
the form of a hand with a pointing index finger (;)
). You can open the hyperlink by just
clicking on it. You can also open a hyperlink by right clicking it and
selecting the “Open” option from the shortcut menu, or by selecting the “Open
in a New Window” option to open the link in a new window.
v) Working with Back, Forward
button of the Browser: If you browse through several pages in a window,
you can move backward and forward by clicking the “Back” (←) and “Forward” (→)
button in the standard toolbar. These two options will only back or forward one
page at a time. But, you can also select from the list of pages by placing the
mouse pointer over the “Back” button and then by clicking on the down arrow (↓)
besides the button, and then clicking on any site from the list of previously
visited sites.
Clicking
on the “Stop” button stops whatever the browser is doing, and will wait for
your next instruction. It is particularly useful for undoing mistakes.
b) Searching the Internet: Internet
is a huge collection of information so it needs the search query to be
specific; otherwise, it will retrieve some irrelevant results. Searching means
finding or locating information through some search engines, directories,
databases, etc. Generally all searching tools provide you an option in the form
of search box to conduct a search. The search over Internet is interactive,
provides post co-ordinate search facilities and produces more results at a
higher speed at a reduced cost.
Some of the well
known search engines are Google ,
Bing and Ask/Aj/Ask
Jeeves Most search
tools have a similar structure. All will include in some form i) form for you
to enter your keywords, ii) a button which will begin your search, iii) links
to help pages and advanced search tools, normally located near the search form,
iv) special features and options, and v) subject categories (most).
i) Keyword Search: This is
most generally used over the web. In this technique, the document available in
the WWW is generally searched by using keywords in the search box of a search
engine; use of preposition, articles and such other words are avoided in this
type of search. E.g. searching for Mahatma Gandhi, India in Google
(http://www.google.co.in). Results from this method are often mixed and you may
have to go through many results to find the site most useful to you. For
keyword based search, the search strategy may include identifying keywords by
breaking down the topic into key concepts.
ii) Phrase Search: When a
user is quite aware of all the words that occur in the same sequence in the
relevant digital document, then he/she can use phrase (or proximity) search
techniques. In such cases the search terms were down the search results
considerably. Surrounding a group of words with double quotes tells the search
engine to only retrieve documents in which those words appear side-by-side;
e.g. “God of Small Things”, “Five Laws of Library Science”, (Five Laws of
Library Science), etc.
iii) Wild Card / Truncation
Search: When a user is aware only of some of the letters that are contained
in the keywords then he / she can use wild card search technique to retrieve
all the documents containing the words which again contain the particular
letters stated by the user. In wild card search techniques the known letters
are followed by an asterisk “*” or sometimes by a “?” mark. The asterisk or
question mark may be given in the left, right or in both sides of the known
letters as the case or need may be; e.g. Cata*, to retrieve document containing
the word “cataloguing”, “cataloguer”, “catalogues”, etc. i.e the search engine
will find all the words that contain keying letters as prefix letter of a
particular word. Wildcard features allow variations in spelling or word forms.
iv) Natural Language Search: Some
search engine uses natural language search queries i.e the user is free to use
natural language query to retrieve the relevant result. The system will
automatically ignore the unnecessary words. This is true in etc. Eg.: Who is
the Prime Minister of India, to retrieve the name of the Prime Minister of
India or to retrieve thousands of pages not containing the word “Who”.
v) Complex Search: In this
type, combinations of the above search techniques are used to retrieve more
relevant results. For example, one can combine phrase searching with implied
Boolean operator. E.g.: “Classified catalogue code” * “S. R. Ranganathan”.
vi) Field Search: A web
page is composed of a number of fields, such as title, domain, host, URL, and
link. So, field searching is one of the most effective techniques for narrowing
results and getting the most relevant websites listed at the top of the result
page.
vii) Meta
Search: The content of search engines, indexes and databases
generally
vary. So, if the same search query is typed into several search engines
then it
is likely to produce different results. So, a user may often want to
know to
see the results from various search engines. In such cases he/she can
use the Meta search engine to get single input or query and to
retrieve results from different search engines.
viii) Database Searching: Searching
the directory or database is entirely a new experience. One can search the
directory or databases by the specific entry point, which the particular
directory or database is using to search its records. In case of a database of
books the access point can be the title of the
article/document/author/editor/accession no, etc. In the database searching,
one can also save his/her result in accordance to his/her requirement
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